Amazon. com inizia la vendita di libri fisici via Internet. Il Progetto Gutenberg supera i 1. Kim Blagg ottiene il primo codice ISBN per un e. Book ed inizia la vendita i libri multimediali via amazon. Vengono lanciati i primi e. Book reader: "Rocket ebook" e "Soft. Book"1. 99. 8: Il lettore Cybook Gen.
Cytale (1. 99. 8–2. Bookeen. 19. 98- 1. Reader. com e e. Reads. Stephen King offre il suo libro Riding the Bullet - Passaggio per il nulla in formato digitale. Todoebook. com, primo sito web a vendere e. Book in lingua spagnola. Random House e Harper.
Collins iniziano la vendita di titoli in lingua inglese. Nasce Wikisource, progetto Wikimedia dedicato ai libri e agli ebook in pubblico dominio. Amazon acquista Mobipocket. Sony lancia il suo Sony Reader con tecnologia e- ink. Amazon lancia Kindle negli Stati Uniti. Adobe e Sony raggiungono un accordo per la condivisione delle loro tecnologia (ereader e DRM). Books. On. Board inizia la vendita di e.
Book per i. Phone. Amazon lancia il Kindle 2 ed il Kindle DX negli USA. L'integrazione tra l'e.
Book store di Amazon ed il Kindle ha permesso ad Amazon di coprire il 6. Book alla fine del 2. Barnes & Noble lancia il lettore Nook negli USA2.
Bookboon. com raggiunge la cifra di 1. Book gratuiti in un anno. Amazon lancia il Kindle DX International Edition. Bookeen presenta il Cybook Orizon al Consumer Electronics Show[4]2. Apple lancia il tablet computeri. Pad, un dispositivo multifunzione utilizzabile anche come ereader. Contemporaneamente annuncia un accordo con i cinque maggiori editori in lingua inglese, che permette ad Apple di iniziare la vendita su larga scala di e.
Book mediante l'i. Bookstore, in aperta concorrenza con Amazon e Barnes & Noble. Google annuncia un nuovo servizio di vendita e. Book online (Google Editions), in concorrenza con Amazon, Barnes & Noble e Apple.
TIM lancia Biblet. Store, servizio di vendita di e.
Book online che raggruppa i maggiori editori italiani, e Biblet, un e. Reader comprensivo di connessione 3. G gratuita verso Biblet.
Store. 20. 11: L'Association of American Publishers rende noto che nel febbraio del 2. Le piattaforme di distribuzione di ebook permettono di mettere il libro in vendita in uno o più negozi online; possono anche offrire servizi addizionali, quali la conversione del testo in formati elettronici compatibili o l'aggiunta di sistemi di protezione DRM o social DRM. Si tratta comunque di attività slegate dalla piattaforma di vendita, ossia il sito vero e proprio in cui l'ebook viene acquistato. Malgrado un qualunque computer sia potenzialmente in grado di permettere la lettura di un ebook, si dovrebbe parlare di e. Book reading device solo riferendosi a quei dispositivi dotati di caratteristiche tali da poter essere usati in maniera analoga a quella di un libro cartaceo.
Le caratteristiche essenziali che un e. Book reading device dovrebbe avere sono: essere dotato di una fonte autonoma di energiaavere dimensioni e peso simili a quelle di un libro cartaceo (in modo tale da essere facilmente trasportabile)permettere la lettura in condizioni ambientali (illuminazione, ecc.) simili a quelle in cui può essere letto un normale libro cartaceo.
Tenendo conto di queste caratteristiche, possiamo suddividere i vari dispositivi hardware disponibili sul mercato in Tablet PC, palmari e lettori dedicati. Tablet PC: è un computer portatile a cui sono aggiunte diverse funzionalità hardware, come la possibilità di ruotare lo schermo (di tipo tattile) di 1. Oltre ai soliti sistemi di input è previsto anche l'uso di un pennino che, tramite software opportunamente predisposto, consente di interagire con lo schermo. Questi apparecchi, grazie alla loro flessibilità, consentono di svolgere attività molto diverse tra loro ed hanno generalmente una potenza di calcolo più che sufficiente per gli e. Book. Potendo fare uso di sistemi operativi molto diffusi, i Tablet PC possono leggere molti formati diversi di e.
Book ma hanno generalmente lo svantaggio di essere un po' troppo ingombranti e pesanti. Altro dettaglio che li allontana dall'immediatezza di un libro cartaceo restano i tempi di attesa, ancora troppo lunghi a causa del caricamento del sistema operativo (questo svantaggio può essere parzialmente compensato con opportuni software, andando però a scapito dell'autonomia). Palmari: sono dispositivi che grazie alle ridotte dimensioni possono essere facilmente trasportati. Anche se sono nati per essere delle agende elettroniche, i palmari si sono arricchiti di funzionalità soprattutto per quello che riguarda il campo multimediale.
La potenza di calcolo e la capacità di memoria che offrono, pur non raggiungendo quella dei computer portatili, sono comunque tali da permettere di portarsi dietro centinaia di libri e leggere anche gli e. Book più complessi.
I principali limiti di questi dispositivi sono da ricercare nelle dimensioni dello schermo (inferiori ad una pagina di un libro in edizione tascabile) che non permettono di visualizzare molto testo e nella scarsa autonomia di cui dispongono. Lettori di e- book: appartengono a questa tipologia tutti quei dispositivi (anche molto diversi fra loro) appositamente progettati per essere dei lettori di e. Cost Of Film Editing School In Los Angeles.
Book. Anche se sono i dispositivi più indicati e comodi per leggere gli e.
French Revolution - Wikipedia. The French Revolution (French: Révolution française[ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of far- reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1. Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies.[1] Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.[2][3][4]The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War,[5] the French government was deeply in debt and attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes, which were heavily regressive.
Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy. Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates- General in May 1. The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate taking control, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and a women's march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. A central event of the first stage, in August 1. Ancien Régime. The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right- wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. The Republic was proclaimed in September 1.
French victory at Valmy. In a momentous event that led to international condemnation, Louis XVI was executed in January 1. External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution. The Revolutionary Wars beginning in 1.
French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine – achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries. Internally, popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly, culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins.
The dictatorship imposed by the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror, from 1. French colonies abroad, dechristianised society through the creation of a new calendar and the expulsion of religious figures, and secured the borders of the new republic from its enemies. Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror, with estimates ranging from 1. After the Thermidorian Reaction, an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1. The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections, debt repudiations, financial instability, persecutions against the Catholic clergy, and significant military conquests abroad.[7] Dogged by charges of corruption, the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1.
Napoleon, who became the hero of the Revolution through his popular military campaigns, went on to establish the Consulate and later the First Empire, setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. Almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor.[8] Its central phrases and cultural symbols, such as La Marseillaise and Liberté, fraternité, égalité, ou la mort, became the clarion call for other major upheavals in modern history, including the Russian Revolution over a century later.[9]The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day. The Revolution resulted in the suppression of the feudal system, the emancipation of the individual, the greater division of landed property, the abolition of the privileges of noble birth and the nominal establishment of equality. The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity.[1. Globally, the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies. It became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism, among many others.
The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towards the objective of military conquest.[1. Some of its central documents, like the Declaration of the Rights of Man, expanded the arena of human rights to include women and slaves, leading to movements for abolitionism and universal suffrage in the next century.[1. Causes. The French government faced fiscal crises in the 1. King Louis XVI was blamed for mishandling these affairs. Historians have pointed to many events and factors within the Ancien Régime that led to the Revolution.
Rising social and economic inequality,[1. Enlightenment,[1. King Louis XVI have all been cited as laying the groundwork for the Revolution.[1. Over the course of the 1. Jürgen Habermas called the idea of the "public sphere" in France and elsewhere in Europe.[2. Habermas argued that the dominant cultural model in 1.
France was a "representational" culture, which was based on a one- sided need to "represent" power with one side active and the other passive.[2. A perfect example would be the Palace of Versailles which was meant to overwhelm the senses of the visitor and convince one of the greatness of the French state and Louis XIV.[2. Starting in the early 1. Examples of the "public sphere" included newspapers, journals, masonic lodges, coffee houses and reading clubs where people either in person or virtually via the printed word debated and discussed issues.[2. In France, the emergence of the "public sphere" outside of the control of the state saw the shift from Versailles to Paris as the cultural capital of France.[2.
Likewise, in the 1. In the 1. 75. 0s, during the "Querelle des Bouffons" over the question of the quality of Italian vs. French music, the partisans of both sides appealed to the French public "because it alone has the right to decide whether a work will be preserved for posterity or will be used by grocers as wrapping- paper".[2. In 1. 78. 2, Louis- Sébastien Mercier wrote: "The word court no longer inspires awe amongst us as in the time of Louis XIV. Reigning opinions are no longer received from the court; it no longer decides on reputations of any sort ..
The court's judgments are countermanded; one says openly that it understands nothing; it has no ideas on the subject and could have none."[2. Inevitably, the belief that public opinion had the right to decide cultural questions instead of deferring to the court transformed itself into the demand that the public also have a say on political questions as well.[2. The economy in the Ancien Régime during the years preceding the Revolution suffered from instability; poor harvests lasting several years and an inadequate transportation system both contributed to making food more expensive.[2. The sequence of events leading to the Revolution included the national government's fiscal troubles caused by an inefficient tax system and expenditure on numerous large wars.[1. The attempt to challenge British naval and commercial power in the Seven Years' War was a costly disaster, with the loss of France's colonial possessions in continental North America and the destruction of the French Navy.[3.